Aging, Sexuality and Physical Changes

Many people want and need to be close to others as they grow older. For some, this includes the desire to continue an active, satisfying sex life. With aging, that may mean adapting sexual activity to accommodate physical, health, and other changes.

There are many different ways to have sex and be intimate—alone or with a partner. The expression of your sexuality could include many types of touch or stimulation. Some adults may choose not to engage in sexual activity, and that’s also normal.

Here, we explore some of the common problems older adults may face with sex.

What Are Normal Changes?

Normal aging brings physical changes in both men and women. These changes sometimes affect the ability to have and enjoy sex.

A woman may notice changes in her vagina. As a woman ages, her vagina can shorten and narrow. Her vaginal walls can become thinner and a little stiffer. Most women will have less vaginal lubrication, and it may take more time for the vagina to naturally lubricate itself.

These changes could make certain types of sexual activity, such as vaginal penetration, painful or less desirable. If vaginal dryness is an issue, using water-based lubricating jelly or lubricated condoms may be more comfortable. If a woman is using hormone therapy to treat hot flashes or other menopausal symptoms, she may want to have sex more often than she did before hormone therapy.

As men get older, impotence (also called erectile dysfunction, or ED) becomes more common. ED is the loss of ability to have and keep an erection. ED may cause a man to take longer to have an erection. His erection may not be as firm or as large as it used to be. The loss of erection after orgasm may happen more quickly, or it may take longer before another erection is possible. ED is not a problem if it happens every now and then, but if it occurs often, talk with your doctor.

Talk with your partner about these changes and how you are feeling. Your doctor may have suggestions to help make sex easier.

Cultural Influences

When it comes to sexuality and aging, most people believe:

• That sexuality is associated with youthful looks and vigour.
• That people become less desirable and less sexual as they age.
• Sadly, many older adults accept these stereotypes and buy into the notion that they’re not allowed to be sexual.

Psychological Influences

Worries about sexual performance are common as people age. Some might feel sex is no longer appropriate after a certain age. Others, perhaps feeling embarrassed about their changing physiology and this impact on their sex lives, might avoid regular sexual activity. Sometimes illness or loss of a partner interferes with sexuality.

The Issue Is Choice

Studies show that with good health, proper information and a supportive partner both males and females can enjoy sex for as long as they wish. All that’s needed is motivation to learn, a readiness to seek professional help when needed, and a willingness to adjust to some of the normal changes of aging.

The issue here is one of choice. If you decide that sex is no longer right for you, then that’s perfectly acceptable. After all, it is possible to live a fulfilling life without sex. But if you choose to continue to enjoy sexual activity and intimacy with another person, you deserve unbiased support and encouragement.

Physical Changes – Men

Sex Drive

A male’s sexual response begins to slow down after age 50. Testosterone levels also decease with age. However, most sexual problems are not testosterone-based, and sexual drive is influenced more by an older male’s health and attitude towards sex rather than his age.

Men of all ages need to take precautions against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS or gonorrhea. If you think you might be at risk for an STI, make sure you use a condom each time you have sex. You should also seek testing for STIs.

• Arousal, Erections and Ejaculation
• It takes more time for an older man to get an erection.
• Erections are not as firm.
• Erections don’t last as long, and it takes longer for an older man to have another erection once he’s ejaculated.
• Older men are able to delay ejaculation for a longer time.

Physical Changes – Women

Sex Drive

Around the time of menopause you might discover your feelings about sex have changed. You could be less interested or you could feel more liberated and sexier.

While older women no longer have to worry about getting pregnant, they do have to take precautions against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS or gonorrhea. If you think you might be at risk for an STI, make sure your partner uses a condom each time you have sex.

• Arousal, Lubrication and Orgasm
• It may take longer for an older woman to become sexually excited.
• The walls of the vagina become thinner and drier and are more easily irritated during intercourse.

Orgasms may be somewhat shorter than they used to be, and the contractions experienced during orgasm can be uncomfortable.

Not all women experience these symptoms, and those who do can experiment to find ways to enjoy sex despite these physical changes.

What Causes Sexual Problems?

Some illnesses, disabilities, medicines, and surgeries can affect your ability to have and enjoy sex.

Arthritis. Joint pain due to arthritis can make sexual contact uncomfortable. Exercise, drugs, and possibly joint replacement surgery may help relieve this pain. Rest, warm baths, and changing the position or timing of sexual activity can be helpful.

Chronic pain. Pain can interfere with intimacy between older people. Chronic pain does not have to be part of growing older and can often be treated. But, some pain medicines can interfere with sexual function. Always talk with your doctor if you have side effects from any medication.

Dementia. Some people with dementia show increased interest in sex and physical closeness, but they may not be able to judge what is appropriate sexual behavior. Those with severe dementia may not recognize their spouse or partner, but they still desire sexual contact and may seek it with someone else. It can be confusing and difficult to know how to handle this situation. Here, too, talking with a doctor, nurse, or social worker with training in dementia care may be helpful.

Diabetes. This is one of the illnesses that can cause ED in some men. In most cases, medical treatment can help. Less is known about how diabetes affects sexuality in older women. Women with diabetes are more likely to have vaginal yeast infections, which can cause itching and irritation and make sex uncomfortable or undesirable. Yeast infections can be treated.

Heart disease. Narrowing and hardening of the arteries can change blood vessels so that blood does not flow freely. As a result, men and women may have problems with orgasms. For both men and women, it may take longer to become aroused, and for some men, it may be difficult to have or maintain an erection. People who have had a heart attack, or their partners, may be afraid that having sex will cause another attack.

Even though sexual activity is generally safe, always follow your doctor’s advice. If your heart problems get worse and you have chest pain or shortness of breath even while resting, your doctor may want to change your treatment plan.

Incontinence. Loss of bladder control or leaking of urine is more common as people, especially women, grow older. Extra pressure on the belly during sex can cause loss of urine. This can be helped by changing positions or by emptying the bladder before and after sex. The good news is that incontinence can usually be treated.

Stroke. The ability to have sex is sometimes affected by a stroke. A change in positions or medical devices may help people with ongoing weakness or paralysis to have sex. Some people with paralysis from the waist down are still able to experience orgasm and pleasure.

Depression. Lack of interest in activities you used to enjoy, such as intimacy and sexual activity, can be a symptom of depression. It’s sometimes hard to know if you’re depressed. Talk with your doctor. Depression can be treated.

Surgery. Many of us worry about having any kind of surgery—it may be even more troubling when the breasts or genital area are involved. Most people do return to the kind of sex life they enjoyed before surgery.

Hysterectomy is surgery to remove a woman’s uterus because of pain, bleeding, fibroids, or other reasons. Often, when an older woman has a hysterectomy, the ovaries are also removed. Deciding whether to have this surgery can leave both women and their partners worried about their future sex life. If you’re concerned about any changes you might experience with a hysterectomy, talk with your gynecologist or surgeon.

Mastectomy is surgery to remove all or part of a woman’s breast because of breast cancer. This surgery may cause some women to lose their sexual interest, or it may leave them feeling less desirable or attractive to their partners. In addition to talking with your doctor, sometimes it is useful to talk with other women who have had this surgery. Programs like the American Cancer Society’s “Reach to Recovery” can be helpful for both women and men. If you want your breast rebuilt (reconstruction), talk to your cancer doctor or surgeon.

Prostatectomy is surgery that removes all or part of a man’s prostate because of cancer or an enlarged prostate. It may cause urinary incontinence or ED. If you need this operation, talk with your doctor before surgery about your concerns.

Medications. Some drugs can cause sexual problems. These include some blood pressure medicines, antihistamines, antidepressants, tranquilizers, Parkinson’s disease or cancer medications, appetite suppressants, drugs for mental problems, and ulcer drugs. Some can lead to ED or make it hard for men to ejaculate. Some drugs can reduce a woman’s sexual desire or cause vaginal dryness or difficulty with arousal and orgasm. Check with your doctor to see if there is a different drug without this side effect.

Alcohol. Too much alcohol can cause erection problems in men and delay orgasm in women.

Tips for Staying Sexual

• Body Tips
• Tips for your relationship

Body Tips

Get – and stay – in shape! Keep physically and mentally fit so you’ll be ready for romance.

Find a doctor with whom you feel comfortable. Don’t be embarrassed to ask for advice and perhaps medication to enhance intimacy.

If vaginal dryness is a problem, use vaginal lubricant or insert a vaginal lubricant suppository prior to intercourse.

Do Kegel exercises daily to tone your vaginal muscles. (Kegels are exercises you can do to strengthen the muscles that support your urethra, bladder, uterus, and rectum.)

Strong vaginal muscle tone not only increases the sensation for both males and females during sexual intercourse, but also helps prevent incontinence.

If you’re an older man and you can’t get or keep an erection, talk to your doctor. There are several new possibilities for the treatment of impotence (e.g., erectile dysfunction medications, penile implants).

Practice “safer” sex to avoid getting or transmitting a sexually transmitted infection (STI):

Abstain from sexual activities where bodily fluids are exchanged.

Be sure to get tested together with each new sexual partner before engaging in any sexual activity.

Talk to your possible sex partners about their lifestyle and STIs. Anyone who has a history of multiple sex partners and/or intravenous drug use might put you at risk.

Use lubricated latex or polyurethane condoms.

Avoid using drugs or excess alcohol in social situations. Intoxication might impair your common sense about taking part in risky behaviours.

Tips for your relationship

Communicate with your partner. Talk about pleasing each other. Discussing changes in sexual response, erectile dysfunction or a loss of sex drive will help you deal with the situation.

Take your time. Men and women may need more manual stimulation or foreplay prior to intercourse. Find ways to adjust to physical changes.

If insecurity about your body (e.g., feeling old or less alluring) is affecting your relationship, talk about it with your partner or a counsellor. Focus on your strengths and be creative in finding ways to feel more appealing.

Be patient. Both men and women may notice it takes longer to become sexually aroused than when they were younger.

If you’re generally less interested in sex than before, look at other factors that may be the cause, such as stress, fatigue, depression or prescription medications.

Am I Too Old to Worry About Safe Sex?

Age does not protect you from sexually transmitted diseases. Older people who are sexually active may be at risk for diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, genital herpes, hepatitis B, genital warts, and trichomoniasis.

Almost anyone who is sexually active is also at risk of being infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The number of older people with HIV/AIDS is growing. You are at risk for HIV/AIDS if you or your partner has more than one sexual partner, if you are having unprotected sex, or if either you or your partner is sharing needles. To protect yourself, always use a condom during sex that involves vaginal or anal penetration.

A man needs to have a full erection before putting on a condom.

Talk with your doctor about ways to protect yourself from all sexually transmitted diseases and infections. Go for regular checkups and testing. Talk with your partner. You are never too old to be at risk.

Can Emotions Play a Part?

Sexuality is often a delicate balance of emotional and physical issues. How you feel may affect what you are able to do and what you want to do. Many older couples find greater satisfaction in their sex lives than they did when they were younger. In many cases, they have fewer distractions, more time and privacy, no worries about getting pregnant, and greater intimacy with a lifelong partner.

As we age, our bodies change, including our weight, skin, and muscle tone, and some older adults don’t feel as comfortable in their aging bodies. Older adults, men and women alike, may worry that their partners will no longer find them attractive. Aging-related sexual problems like the ones listed above can cause stress and worry. This worry can get in the way of enjoying a fulfilling sex life.

Older couples face the same daily stresses that affect people of any age. They may also have the added concerns of illness, retirement, and lifestyle changes, all of which may lead to sexual difficulties. Talk openly with your partner, and try not to blame yourself or your partner. You may also find it helpful to talk with a therapist, either alone or with your partner. Some therapists have special training in helping with sexual problems. If you sense changes in your partner’s attitude toward sex, don’t assume they are no longer interested in you or in an active sex life. Talk about it. Many of the things that cause sexual problems in older adults can be helped.

What Can I Do?

There are things you can do on your own for an active and enjoyable sex life. If you have a long-term partner, take time to enjoy each other and to understand the changes you both are facing.

Don’t be afraid to talk with your doctor if you have a problem that affects your sex life. He or she may be able to suggest a treatment. For example, the most common sexual difficulty of older women is painful intercourse caused by vaginal dryness.

Your doctor or a pharmacist can suggest over-the-counter vaginal lubricants or moisturizers to use. Water-based lubricants are helpful when needed to make sex more comfortable. Moisturizers are used on a regular basis, every 2 or 3 days. Or, your doctor might suggest a form of vaginal estrogen.

If ED is the problem, it can often be managed and perhaps even reversed with medication or other treatments. There are pills that can help. They should not be used by men taking medicines containing nitrates, such as nitroglycerin. The pills do have possible side effects. Be wary of any dietary or herbal supplements promising to treat ED. Always talk to your doctor before taking any herb or supplement.

Physical problems can change your sex life as you get older. If you are single, dating and meeting new people may be easier later in life when you’re more sure of yourself and what you want. If you’re in a relationship, you and your partner may discover new ways to be together as you get older. Talk to your partner or partners about your needs. You may find that affection—hugging, kissing, touching, and spending time together—can be just what you need, or a path to greater intimacy and sex.

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